ASSIGNMENT
CHAPTER 2 PAGES 112-113
LECTURE : Mr. Tri Djoko Wahjono, Ir, M.Sc.
1.
How Did the
Internet Evolve?
The Internet,
also called the Net, is a worldwide collection of networks that links millions
of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals. On 29 October 1969, The Internet was
created when the first connection, ARPANET, was made between computers at UCLA
and the Stanford Research Institute; precursor to the Internet developed by the
Department of Defense. After that year,
in 1971, Ray Tomlinson (Bolt Beranek and Newman) wrote first email program,
used on Arpanet (Internet); contracted by the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) to create the Arpanet, selected @ symbol to separate user names in email
as the first email messages are sent between computers. In December 1984 -
Stanford University computer scientists Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner co-founded
Cisco Systems; named for San Francisco, gateway to the Pacific Rim; In 1991, John Chambers hired as Senior
Vice President, Worldwide Sales and Operations; January 1995, Chambers appointed CEO.
In 1986 - Eric Thomas, engineering
student in Paris, wrote first version of LISTSERV, first email list management
software; prior to invention, all email lists administered manually.
In November 12, 1990 - Tim
Berners-Lee publishes a formal proposal for the World Wide Web. Next day after
publishes a formal proposal, it is the first time World Wide Web page is written.
August 6, 1991 - Tim Berners-Lee put
first website online while a consulting software engineer at CERN (European
Laboratory for Particle Physics, originally known as Conseil Européen pour la
Recherche Nucléaire), largest Internet node in Europe, http://info.cern.ch/ (explained
World Wide Web, described how to use it); part of global hypertext project, to
be known as World Wide Web, designed to allow people to work together by
combining their knowledge in web of hypertext documents; October 1990 - started to write first World Wide Web server,
"httpd", first client, "WorldWideWeb" a
what-you-see-is-what-you-get hypertext browser/editor which ran in the NeXTStep
environment; December 1990 - program
"WorldWideWeb" first made available within CERN; 1994 - founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology; comprised companies willing to create standards and
recommendations to improve quality of Internet; December 2004 - accepted chair in Computer Science at School of
Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, UK. Today, more
than 550 million host computers connect to the Internet.
2. What Are the Various Types of Internet Connections,
and What Are the Differences between Broadband and Dial-Up Connections?
·
Type
of internet connection:
1)
Analog: Dial-up Internet Access
Also
called dial-up access, an analog Internet connection is both. Using a modem connected to your PC, users connect to the Internet when
the computer dials a phone number (which is provided by your ISP) and connects
to the network. Dial-up is an analog connection because data is sent over an
analog, public-switched telephone network. The modem converts received
analog data to digital and vice versa. Because dial-up access uses normal
telephone lines the quality of the connection is not always good and data rates
are limited. Typical Dial-up connection speeds range from 2400 bps to 56 Kbps.
Today, analog has been widely replaced by broadband (Cable and DSL).
2)
ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
Integrated
services digital network (ISDN) is an international communications standard for sending
voice, video, and data over digital telephone lines or normal telephone wires.
Typical ISDN speeds range from 64 Kbps to 128 Kbps.
3)
B-ISDN - Broadband ISDN
Broadband ISDN is similar in function to ISDN but it transfers data
over fiber optic telephone lines, not normal telephone wires. SONET is the
physical transport backbone of B-ISDN. Broadband ISDN has not been widely
implemented.
4)
DSL – Digital Subscriber Line
DSL is
frequently referred to as an "always on" connection because it uses
existing 2-wire copper telephone line connected to the premise so service is
delivered simultaneously with wired telephone service -- it will not tie
up your phone line as an analog dial-up connection does. The two main
categories of DSL for home subscribers are called ADSL and SDSL. All
types of DSL technologies are collectively referred to as xDSL. xDSL connection speeds range from 128 Kbps to 9
Mbps.
5)
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
ADSL is the most commonly deployed types of DSL in North
America. Short for asymmetric digital subscriber line ADSL supports data rates
of from 1.5 to 9 Mbps when receiving data (known as the downstream rate) and
from 16 to 640 Kbps when sending data (known as the upstream rate). ADSL
requires a special ADSL modem.
6)
SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Short
for symmetric digital subscriber line, SDSL is a technology that allows more data to be sent over
existing copper telephone lines (POTS). SDSL supports data rates up to 3 Mbps.
SDSL works by sending digital pulses in the high-frequency area of telephone
wires and cannot operate simultaneously with voice connections over the same
wires. SDSL requires a special SDSL modem. SDSL is called symmetric because it
supports the same data rates for upstream and downstream traffic.
7)
VDSL - Very High DSL
Very
High DSL (VDSL) is a DSL technology that offers fast data rates over
relatively short distances — the shorter the distance, the faster the
connection rate.
8)
Cable - Broadband Internet Connection
Through
the use of a cable modem you can have a broadband Internet connection that is
designed to operate over cable TV lines. Cable Internet works by using TV
channel space for data transmission, with certain channels used for downstream
transmission, and other channels for upstream transmission. Because the coaxial cable used by cable TV provides much greater bandwidth than
telephone lines, a cable modem can be used to achieve extremely fast
access.
9)
Wireless Internet Connections
Wireless
Internet, or wireless broadband is one of the newest
Internet connection types. Instead of using telephone or cable networks for
your Internet connection, you use radio frequency bands. Wireless Internet
provides an always-on connection which can be accessed from anywhere — as long
as you geographically within a network coverage area. Wireless access is still
considered to be relatively new, and it may be difficult to find a wireless
service provider in some areas. It is typically more expensive and mainly
available in metropolitan areas.
10) T-1 Lines – Leased
Line
T-1 lines are a popular leased line option for businesses
connecting to the Internet and for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) connecting
to the Internet backbone. It is a dedicated phone connection supporting data
rates of 1.544Mbps. A T-1 line actually consists of 24 individual
channels, each of which supports 64Kbits per second. Each 64Kbit/second channel
can be configured to carry voice or data traffic.
11) OC3 - Optical
Carrier
Short
for Optical Carrier, level 3 it is used to specify the speed of fiber optic
networks conforming to the SONET standard. OC3 is typically used as a fiber
optic backbone for large networks with large voice, data, video, and traffic
needs. Speeds are 155.52 Mbps, or roughly the speed of 100 T1 lines.
12) Internet over
Satellite
Internet over Satellite(IoS) allows a user to access the Internet via a
satellite that orbits the earth. A satellite is placed at a static point above
the earth's surface, in a fixed position. Because of the enormous distances
signals must travel from the earth up to the satellite and back again, IoS is
slightly slower than high-speed terrestrial connections over copper or fiber
optic cables. Typical Internet over satellite connection speeds (standard IP
services) average around 492 up to 512 Kbps.
·
The
Differences between Broadband and Dial-Up Connections
No
|
BROADBAND
|
DIAL-UP
CONNECTION
|
1.
|
High speed
|
slower-speed
technology, takes place when the modem in your computer connects to the
Internet via a standard telephone line that transmits data and information
using an analog (continuous wave) pattern.
|
3.
What Are the
Types of Internet Access Providers?
An access provider is a business that
provides access to the Internet free or for a fee.
·
An
ISP (Internet service provider)
is a firm that
offers subscribers access to the internet. This internet service provider
maintains large runs of cabling and maintains network services in order to
transfer and deliver web content to those paying the subscription fee.
·
An
online service provider (OSP)
In its original more limited definition, it
referred only to a commercial computer communication service in which paid
members could dial via a computer modem the service's private computer network
and access various services and information resources such a bulletin boards,
downloadable
files
and programs,
news articles,
chat rooms,
and electronic mail
services.
·
A
wireless Internet service provider
provides
wireless Internet access to desktop and notebook computers and mobile devices
with built-in wireless capabilities (such as Wi-Fi) or to computers using
wireless modems or wireless access devices.
4.
What Is the
Purpose of an IP Address, and What Is Its Relationship to a Domain Name?
An Internet Protocol address (IP address)
is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer)
participating in a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for communication.
An IP address
serves two principal functions:
·
host
·
network interface identification and
location addressing.
The
relationship between domain name and IP:
A domain name
defines and controls the internet. It is also the name that points to the IP address
which consequently points to the location on the server that contains the web
files you may require.
5.
What Is the
Purpose of a Web Browser, and What Are the Components of a Web Address?
Purpose of a web browser :
·
to bring information resources to the user
("retrieval" or "fetching"),
·
allowing them to view the information
("display", "rendering")
·
access
other information ("navigation", "following links").
Components of web
·
Everything preceding the double forward slash
(e.g., http://, ftp://) indicates the protocol, or format for transmitting
data. Http:// signifies hypertext transmission, or simply, the Web.
·
Characters between the protocol and the domain
name -- typically, but not always, www -- reveal the name of the server.
Sometimes this part of the address is missing; e.g. http://virtualchase.com, and that's okay.
·
Characters following the server name and ending
with a top-level domain name like .com, .net, .org, .gov, etc., or a country
code (e.g., uk, au, ca) comprise the domain name. Thoughtpolice.com in the
above URL is the domain name. This often, although not always, provides a clue
about the ownership of the Web site.
·
Characters following the first single forward
slash, and ending at the final forward slash -- /bayboyz/ in the above example,
indicate the path on the server where the information resides. The path may
consist of a single directory (or folder) or multiple directories (e.g.,
http://www.virtualchase.com/tvcalert/tvcdocs/).
·
Characters following the last forward slash and
ending in .html, .htm, .sht, .shtml, .asp, .cfm, etc. (e.g., 1040.html above)
make up the file name that contains (or in the case of a dynamic site,
temporarily holds) the information.
6.
How Do You Use a
Search Engine to Search for Information on the Web, and What Is the Difference between
a Search Engine and a Subject Directory?
Most search engines work the same basic
way. You type into a search box the information you're looking for and the
search engine lists Web sites that contain this information. These results are
known as "hits." The words you type into the search box are called
"keywords." The keywords you use will greatly affect your results.
Other search engines, like Ask Jeeves for Kids, let you type in questions
without having to choose keywords.
The Difference between a Search Engine
and a Subject Directory
No
|
SEARCH ENGINE
|
SUBJECT DERECTORY
|
1.
|
A search engine makes use of robots to
index websites
|
a directory uses human editors to list
websites
|
2.
|
Engine list is automatically
|
that directories use humans to
manually add websites to their database
|
7.
What Are the Types of Web Sites?
1. Search Engines & Directory Types of Websites (Google.com)
These
are some of the most popular types of websites in the world. Some
search engine companies,MSN have a more “portal” look which many services are
advertised to the user like email, news etc. The portal provides a broader
platform for the company to promote their different services but it also
fragments the visitors.
2. Informational Types of Websites (CNN.com)
These
are the types of websites which are dedicated to the purpose of providing
information – whether free or paid.
3. Personal Websites (Stallman.org)
Personal
websites and blogs are the fastest growing types of web site.
Unfortunately, with personal websites, comes misinformation, poor designs and
provides a sense of false-security for the general public in proper website
design. Personal websites can contain any kind of information and are
usually administered by a single individual who can choose whatever content
they would like to put online. etc.
4. Blogs & Online Diaries (HuffingtonPost.com)
Blogs
are like online diaries (the irony is, though you keep your hardcopy diary
under lock-and-key, you want more and more visitors to read the online one).
5. Company Websites (NorthAmerican.com)
Company
websites are by far the most important. Company websites range from the very
small to the very large and can be a non-profit or for-profit business. Company
websites have pages of information on the business, its services and clients.
Company websites are often “static”. In other words, they don’t change much or
very often.
6. Forums (AngiesList.com)
Forum
types of websites serve as platforms and promote interactions amongst the
users. Unless specifically blocked and requiring a special invitation, you can
join any forum on the web. Most forums cater to a specific industry or a field.
7. E-Commerce i.e. Online Stores (eBay.com)
The web
is primarily used for communication and information search, but many companies
have set up shops online. In fact, some companies like the popular Amazon don’t
have brick-and-mortar shops – the entire buying and selling takes place
online.
8. Social Networking (Facebook.com)
The new
mantra on the web is social networking. These websites can be
classified as Web 2.0 sites but their sheer number and popular demands we have
a separate category. Facebook, Orkut, LinkedIn, Twitter have been the rage past
couple of years
9. File-Sharing (RapidShare.com)
As
internet speeds have increased and more and more people are using broadband
connections, the importance of file sharing types of websites has grown.
Megaupload.com and RapidShare.com.
8. How Do Web Pages Use Graphics, Animation, Audio, Video,
Virtual Reality, and Plug-Ins?
Some Web pages use multimedia, which combines text with
graphics, animation, audio, video, and/or
virtual reality. A graphic is a digital representation of nontext
information such as a drawing, chart, or photo. Animation is the appearance
of motion created by displaying a series of still images in sequence.
Audio includes music, speech, or any other sound. Video consists of
full-motion images. Virtual reality (VR) is the use of computers to
simulate an environment that appears as three-dimensional space. A plug-in, or add-on, is a program that
extends a browser's capability to display multimedia elements.
9.
What Are the
Steps Required for Web Publishing?
·
Decide
what you want to place on the web. See the different types of sites and browse the web for
ideas.
ü Text - plain or colored.
ü Graphics
o logos
o ISMAP's (action dependent
on where in the image you select)
ü On-line Forms
o
simple
o
dynamically generated
·
Decide
where on the web, you want your information placed. Once your information is on
the Internet, it is accessible from everywhere. The availability depends on
your web page hoster. We recommend that you get a domain name so that you are
not tied to your web page hoster.
·
Convert
any documents that you want placed on the web from their current form to a web
readable format. Text should be in HyperText Markup Language(HTML) format and
graphics in GIF(Graphical Interchange Format)format or JPEG. Some others are
possible, but may not be supported by all web browsers. Any on-line forms will
need a program, on the web server, to process them. See Netsurfing without a Monitor for an interesting article
related to web page design for everyone.
·
Place
your information on-line.
·
Check
to make sure that it looks the way you want to in several different browsers.
Be sure to check both graphical and textual browsers.
·
Publish
your location to the world. This gets your information into a wider set of
hands than just those who happen across your location.
10. What Are the Types of E-Commerce?
·
B2B (Business-to-Business)
Companies doing business with each other such as manufacturers
selling to distributors and wholesalers selling to retailers. Pricing is based
on quantity of order and is often negotiable.
·
B2C (Business-to-Consumer)
Businesses selling to the general public typically through
catalogs utilizing shopping cart software. By dollar volume, B2B takes the
prize, however B2C is really what the average Joe has in mind with regards to
ecommerce as a whole.
·
C2B (Consumer-to-Business)
A consumer posts his project with a set budget online and
within hours companies review the consumer's requirements and bid on the
project. The consumer reviews the bids and selects the company that will
complete the project. Elance empowers consumers around the world by providing
the meeting ground and platform for such transactions.
·
C2C (Consumer-to-Consumer)
There are many sites offering free classifieds, auctions, and forums where
individuals can buy and sell thanks to online payment systems like PayPal where
people can send and receive money online with ease. eBay's auction service is a
great example of where person-to-person transactions take place everyday since
1995.
11. How Do E-Mail, Mailing Lists, Instant Messaging,
Chat Rooms, VoIP, Newsgroups and Message Boards, and FTP Work?
·
E-mail
(short for electronic mail) is the transmission of messages and files
via a computer network.
·
Mailing
list is a group of e-mail names and addresses given a single name, so that
everyone on the list receives a message sent to the list.
·
Instant
messaging (IM) is a real-time Internet communications service that notifies you
when one or more people are online and allow you to exchanges files or chat
into private out.
·
A
chat room is a location on an Internet server that permits users to conduct
real-time typed conversations.
·
VoIP
(Voice over IP, or Internet Protocol), also called Internet
telephony, enables users to speak to other users over the Internet, instead
of the public switched telephone network.
·
A
newsgroup is an online area in which users have written discussions about a
particular subject.
·
A
message board is a Web-based type of discussion group that is easier to use
than a newsgroup.
·
FTP
(File Transfer Protocol) is an Internet standard that permits file
uploading and downloading with other computers on the Internet.
12. What Are the Rules
of Netiquette?
·
The Golden Rule: Treat others as you would
like to be treated. This rule is an oldie but a goodie and can get you through
just about any situation, online or off!
·
No "Flaming": Flaming is a form of
verbal abuse when you intentionally attack or disrespect somebody for whatever
reason. Maybe you didn't agree with something they said, but there's a nice way
to share a different point of view without name calling or attacking someone.
Harassing or insulting someone will not likely help you gain many online
friends!
·
Respect Others' Copyrights: There are
wonderful things online, information for everyone on just about any topic!
However, these things have copyrights and licenses. Copying the works of
someone else without permission or saying it is your own will not only ruin
your online reputation, but could land you with hefty fines and lawsuits!
·
DON'T TYPE IN ALL CAPS: It hurts our eyes. It
makes people think you are shouting at them. It's okay to type in caps to
accentuate a word or two, but please don't do it all the time everywhere you
go.
·
Don't Spam: As a blog owner, I get hundreds
of spam messages each day. Most of them aren't even legible, with things like
"kjhgsawu" typed in the comments and links to sites with adult or inappropriate
content. I don't appreciate it! Some spammers are getting really sneaky, as
they use the same generic post over and over again like "I really like
your blog" - if you own multiple blogs like I do though you can quickly
identify these types of spammers! There's a fine line between spam and
self-promotion, do it very carefully!
·
Be Honest: Faking website statistics,
pretending to be someone else, or trying to cheat people online will not only
hurt your reputation but can land you in a lot of hot water. You know the line
honesty is the best policy, it's also one of the 10 best rules for netiquette.
·
Use Proper Grammar & Spelling: If u rite
liek this lol ppl might start 2 get mad lol. :) We understand spelling isn't
always easy and typos and basic spelling mistakes will happen. But if it's
distracting from your message, it can be annoying. Using a browser such as
Firefox 3 with built in spell check can be a life saver for bad spellers! Be
careful not to use too much web jargon, seeing lol used more than twice in a
sentence or two is probably unnecessary and does not promote good internet
etiquette.
·
Follow the TOS: Most sites have a terms of
service policy that also lists rules of netiquette. Read it and abide by it! I
am constantly reading discussions on My Lot about people who have had discussions
deleted because what they posted did not meet the terms of the website.
·
Keep it PG-13: I never write or say anything
I wouldn't let my kids read. It can really come back to haunt you if you write
something that's not appropriate - as a blog owner, it could mean trouble with Google if you
use them for add words or like to be ranked in search engines since they seem to
penalize swearing/adult content sites.
·
Research Your Facts/Cite Sources: I can't
tell you how many times I read something (often politically related) that is
not even close to the truth. There is so much information out there online, it
can be very difficult to distinguish what is true and not true. Before posting
something, forwarding emails, or going off on a tangent, make sure it is
factual and cite sources if possible to boost your credibility. Not only will
this help keep down on the hoaxes and insanity floating around online, but it
can help make you build a solid reputation online.
